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Enlightenment Period - Romantic Age Comparisons

Enlightenment Period - Romantic Ageconveyed influence, power, and wealth.
ComparisonsClients of architects admired and wished to
embody the ideology of Roman power and
Researched and Authored by: Michael J.exhibition into their own homes and public
Spindlerbuildings, conveying to the observer a sense
of  virtue,  wisdom,  and  harmony.
The authors of this paper are going to
present to the reader five areas of theIn the Romantic Age, America's diversity was
humanities, art, music, architecture,celebrated by the diversity of and supported
philosophy, and literature from theby an explosion in the size of growing
Enlightenment period as well as the Romanticpopulation. Architectural stylings of federal
Age. The examples chosen are meant to reflectbuildings are obvious interpretations of
the developments and forces that affectedGreek and Roman architecture, an attempt by
world events and how these examples moldedleaders of a young struggling country to
cultural patterns. This evolution ofconvey structure and the power of the
humankinds views of the world and humansgovernment. More important, the use of iconic
place in the world profoundly affected thearchitectural types fosters the loyalty and
following century and the course of thefaith  of  the  people  in the new democracy.
modern  people  in  today's  society.
Philosophy in the Renaissance era was greatly
Art has traditionally been a reflection andinfluenced by the bubonic plague also known
an artist's interpretation of the worldas the Black Death. An example of
around the artists. During the Age ofphilosophical change brought on by the plague
Enlightenment, there were five major types ofwas the shift in thought that caused people
art movements; Neoclassicism, Romanticism,to challenge traditional seats of authority.
French Naturalism, French Realism, andBecause of the lack of skilled labor due to
Impressionism. "In part a reaction againstshrinking population, laborers began
baroque and rococo excesses, neoclassicism isdemanding higher standards of living and a
associated, in France, with a return tomore  equitable  place  in  society.
"virtue" and an acceptance of the new
ideological demands of the FrenchThe randomness of the plague, the fact that
Revolution."(Boguslawski, 2005) This form ofit afflicted people from all social and
art reinforced society's responsibilities toeconomic classes lead to the abandonment of
honor,  duty, and more important, patriotism.traditional religious practices and changed
the way people thought of death. During the
Impressionism in the Age of Enlightenmentenlightenment period intellectuals attempted
lends to a play on light within commonto understand and explain their environment.
themes. Claude Monet is perhaps the bestThis inquisitiveness bore a set of principles
example. While not politically inspiring,which were believed to govern all human
Impressionism allows the viewer to spend timeinteractions. These principles were believed
reflecting on the beauty and the play ofto be part of the universe and mandated by
colors  and  lighting.reason as opposed to being ordered or forced
on  people  by  kings  or  the  church.
"Romantic artists interpreted things through
their own emotions, and these emotionsA second example is the political theories
included social and politicalthat framed the debate of the social contract
consciousness--as one would expect in abetween rulers and those being ruled. John
period of revolution, one that reacted soLocke's view that the ruled possesses
strongly to oppression and injustice in theultimate power and have a natural right to
world." (English Department, Brooklynlife, liberty and estate clearly influenced
College, 2001) Despite the term Romantic, theThomas Jefferson as he wrote the American
period was a time of revolution and socialDeclaration  of Independence 100 years later.
upheavals as society on all levels struggled
for a voice and a place in the evolvingChristine De Pisan's Book of the "City of
world. Across all fields of expression, theLadies", which championed women's importance
period was a movement away from rationalismto society, was milestone in society. The
towards an exploration of human nature.work is written as a debate where she
Emotion became both the subject and theinterviews three goddesses on moral issues.
object of most popular art forms of thisThe authors selected this work because this
period. Rather then just picking a specificexample is a milestone in women's emergence
work of art, the authors' intention is toas equal partners in Western society in that
enlighten the reader to the influences andit was one of the first instances of the
motivations of the artists in this period,subject being addressed from a woman's point
rather than describing how a portrait mayof view by a woman. Niccolo Machiavelli's
have  affected  the  few.book "The Prince" was a practical guide of
how to establish political stability through
Music in the Enlightenment period wasthe use of arbitrary power. The author
immortalized in the works of Amadeus Mozart.selected this work because Machiavelli
Though gifted from a young age, it wasignored morality in his explanations of how
through diversity and necessity that forcedrulers imposed their will on friend and foe
Mozart to achieve his potential. Mostalike. This ideology gave form and a certain
musicians of the period were at the employ oflevel of legitimacy to the "ends justify the
churches and royalty. The free lancemeans" mentality common to many autocratic
lifestyle Mozart led, lent to a freedom ofgovernments  thereafter.
expression… "This step in the direction
of artistic and intellectual freedom was aThe first example is Locke's "Of Civil
central part of the Enlightenment." (Donelan,Government". The author chose this because it
1999) Interestingly, Mozart's work may haveserves as the basis of thought behind the
reinforced his attachment to the ideas of theideals set forth in our own Declaration of
Enlightenment period, while a feeling ofIndependence and Constitution. While reading
subversion is also equally expressed at"Of Civil Government" the author came to
times.understand that our Declaration of
Independence was Jefferson's affirmation of
Mozart was not easily impressed that wasNatural Law as applied to the social contract
until Ludwig van Beethoven performed forbetween  governments  and  their  citizens.
Mozart in 1787. Beethoven had a singular
brilliance about him; as a result, he wentThe second example is Adam Smith's Inquiry
through a number of instructors, some ofinto the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
histories most memorable composers of theNations. It applied Natural Law to labor and
time. Beethoven's hearing loss was atrade  and  defined  free  trade.
progressive deterioration over a 16 year
period beginning in 1801. Around the yearThe authors have explored specific examples,
1802, his hearing loss opened new doors inpeople in history, and how social tides
his composition. Compositions were writtenchanged the directions taken in of each
that challenged the traditionalcategory that was explored. The world that is
characterizations of music of the time.known today is a product of generations who
"Beethoven's influence on following composerswere able to express themselves through art,
has been immeasurable. Aside from hismusic, architecture, philosophy, and
architectonic innovations and expansion ofliterature. The emotions, ideas, and energy
the classical sonata and symphony, he broughtconveyed through time, give humans a better
to music a new depth and intensity of emotionunderstanding of where they have been and the
that was emulated by later romanticcourage  to  continue  the  journey  forward.
composers…"  (Angelfire.com,  n.d.)
References  - Do Not Strip Article References
The Romantic era could easily be split
between two types of composers. A(n.d.). Ludwig van Beethoven. Retrieved
conservative approach embodying the RomanticJanuary  22,  2008,  from
periods styling and ideology, yet in close
quarters to traditional sounding classicalBoguslawski, A. (2005). 18TH-Century:
music. Prominent composers of this type ofIntorduction. Retrieved January 22, 2008,
composition include Schubert, Schumann,from
Mendelssohn and Brahms. Representing a more
forward thinking expression of music includedBoyd-Brent, J. (2008). The Architects of The
Berlioz, Strauss, and Wagner. "Berlioz,Enlightenment. Retrieved January 22, 2008,
Strauss, and Wagner were all progressivesfrom
whose music challenged the audiences of their
day." (Schmidt-Jones, 2007) All composers ofDonelan, J. (1999, September 26;). Mozart and
the Romantic period faced a common problem,Enlightenment Thought. Retrieved January 22,
taking music in a new direction. The2008,  from
composers mentioned composed memorable works
of music, but nothing notable that trulyEnglish Department, Brooklyn College (2001,
changed the music world. This period was moreSeptember 23,). Introduction to Romanticism.
of a transition that led the world to beginRetrieved  January  22,  2008,  from
experiencing new innovations that led to
modern  music.Schmidt-Jones, C. (2007, October 31;). The
Music of the Romantic Era. Retrieved January
British architects of the Enlightenment age22,  2008,  from
include Colen Campbell, James Gibbs and
Robert Adam whom also happen to be ofResearched and Authored by: Michael J.
Scottish descent, "interpreting the firstSpindler
phase of Classicism in the Palladian form."
(Boyd-Brent, 2008) Architecture of theFree to distribute - However- Do not strip
period, inspired by the classic forms of RomeResearch Article References, remove the HTML
and Greece, gave rise to a styling thatif needed, but keep the URL text.



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